Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease

Exploring the Functions and Impact of Kidneys

Slide1: Introduction

  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a broad term
  • CKD involves a gradual decline in kidney function
  • Kidneys regulate blood composition, remove waste products, maintain electrolyte balance, and produce hormones
  • Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and passes through tiny arterioles called glomeruli
  • Glomerular filtration generates primary filtrate, which moves through the renal tubules
  • The rate of glomerular filtration is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Slide2: Causes of CKD

  • Hypertension is a common cause of CKD
  • Hypertension leads to thickening of the arterial walls supplying the kidneys, resulting in reduced blood flow
  • Other causes of CKD include diabetes, systemic diseases, infections, prolonged medication use, and exposure to toxins
  • CKD can lead to glomerulosclerosis, fibrosis, and chronic kidney failure

Slide3: Effects of CKD

  • CKD affects the elimination of waste products
  • Accumulation of toxins in the blood can lead to symptoms such as nausea and loss of appetite
  • Neurological effects include encephalopathy, which can manifest as asterixis (flapping tremor)
  • CKD can also cause pericarditis and increase the risk of bleeding
  • Imbalance of electrolytes, especially potassium, can lead to dangerous complications

Slide4: Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Diagnosis of CKD is based on the decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
  • GFR below 90 indicates suspicion, while GFR below 60 confirms irreversible kidney damage
  • Kidney biopsy may be performed to assess changes like glomerulosclerosis
  • Treatment of CKD involves addressing the underlying cause
  • In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary

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