The Three Perspectives on What Makes Science Work

Analyzing the General Overview, Mathematical Models, and Social Structure of Science

Slide1: General Overview of Science

  • Science is a focused and systematic version of gaining knowledge about the world.
  • It expands on our common sense approach to understanding the world.
  • Science is characterized by organized and empirical experiments.
  • Controversies and disagreements exist within scientific disciplines.

Slide2: The Case of Ignaz Semmelweis

  • Ignaz Semmelweis proved the effectiveness of handwashing in reducing postpartum infections.
  • Despite undeniable data, Semmelweis was disgraced and fired.
  • Scientific practice did not align with the idealized scientific theory.
  • This discrepancy challenges the simplistic view of science.

Slide3: The Germ Theory Debate

  • Louis Pasteur advocated for the Germ theory of disease.
  • Max von Pettenkofer attempted to disprove the theory through an empirical experiment.
  • Pettenkofer deliberately drank contaminated water but did not get sick.
  • This raises questions about the relationship between empirical evidence and scientific theory.

Slide4: Tension Between Reason and Experience

  • Throughout history, there has been a debate between reason and experience as the foundation of knowledge.
  • Many philosophers championed reason, while others advocated for the importance of experience.
  • Modern philosophers agree that a combination of reason and experience is necessary.
  • Mathematics and empirical evidence are both essential to scientific progress.

Slide5: Power of Mathematical Models

  • Galileo believed that nature could be understood through mathematical models.
  • Mathematics allows humans to grasp the language of nature.
  • Mathematical modeling is a distinguishing factor of science.
  • Combining math with empirical information leads to a more comprehensive view of science.

Slide6: The Social Structure of Science

  • Science is a social endeavor that relies on collaboration and cooperation.
  • The importance of peer review in maintaining scientific integrity.
  • Trust and cooperation allow for scientific progress and building on previous work.
  • Social scientific societies enforce standards and quality control in science.

Slide7: Harmonizing the Three Perspectives

  • All three perspectives - general overview, mathematical models, and social structure - play important roles in science.
  • Complications arise when these perspectives appear to conflict.
  • Issues include discrepancies between empirical evidence and social acceptance, as well as mathematical theories contradicting experiences.
  • The challenges in harmonizing these perspectives contribute to scientific and philosophical complexities.

Slide8: Logical Positivism: Rise and Fall

  • Logical positivism was a dominant philosophy of science in the early 20th century.
  • It emphasized the importance of logical analysis and verification in determining scientific knowledge.
  • However, the school of logical positivism eventually declined.
  • Contemporary philosophers favor a combination of perspectives rather than a strict rational or empirical approach.

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